Introduction: Introducing Object-Oriented Approach, Relating to Other Paradigms (Functional, Data Decomposition). Basic Terms and Ideas: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism. Review of C, Difference between C and C++ - cin, cout, new, delete, operators.

Classes and Objects: Encapsulation, Information Hiding, Abstract Data Types, Object & Classes, Attributes, Methods, C++ Class Declaration, State, Identity and Behaviour of an Object, Constructors and Destructors, Instantiation of Objects, Default Parameter Value, Object Types, C++ Garbage Collection, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Metaclass / Abstract Classes.

Inheritance and Polymorphism: Inheritance, Class Hierarchy, Derivation – Public, Private & Protected, Aggregation, Composition vs Classification Hierarchies, Polymorphism, Categorization of Polymorphism Techniques, Method Polymorphism, Polymorphism by Parameter, Operator Overloading, Parametric Polymorphism.

Generic Function: Template Function, Function Name Overloading, Overriding Inheritance Methods, Runtime Polymorphism, Multiple Inheritance.

Files and Exception Handling: Streams and Files, Namespaces, Exception Handling, Generic Classes.

Introduction to Data Structure and its Characteristics. Array: Representation of single and multidimensional arrays; Sparse arrays – Lower and Upper Triangular Matrices and Tridiagonal Matrices with Vector Representation.

Stacks and Queues: Introduction and Primitive Operations on Stack; Stack Application; Infix, Postfix, Prefix Expressions; Evaluation of Postfix Expression; Conversion between Prefix, Infix, and Postfix. Introduction and Primitive Operation on Queues, Deques, and Priority Queues.

Lists: Introduction to Linked Lists; Sequential and Linked Lists, Operations such as Traversal, Insertion, Deletion, Searching; Two-Way Lists and Use of Headers.

Trees: Introduction and Terminology; Traversal of Binary Trees; Recursive Algorithms for Tree Operations such as Traversal, Insertion, Deletion; Binary Search Tree.

B-Trees: Introduction, The Invention of B-Tree; Statement of the Problem; Indexing with Binary Search Trees; A Better Approach to Tree Indexes; B-Trees; Working up from the Bottom; Example for Creating a B-Tree.

Sorting Techniques: Insertion Sort, Selection Sort, Merge Sort, Heap Sort. Searching Techniques: Linear Search, Binary Search, and Hashing.

Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instructions and Instruction Codes, Timing and Control/Instruction Cycle, Registers (Types of Registers, General Purpose & Special Purpose Registers, Index Registers), Register Transfer and Micro Operations, Memory and Memory Function, Bus/Data Transfer Instructions, Arithmetic Logic Micro-operations, Shift Micro-operations, Input/Output and Interrupts, Memory Reference Instructions, Memory Interfacing Memory, Cache Memory.

Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organizations, Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, Data Transfer and Manipulation, Program Control, Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Pipeline, Vector Processing, Array Processing. Arithmetic Algorithms: Integer Multiplication Using Shift and Add, Booth’s Algorithm, Integer Division, Floating-point Representations.

Computer Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication Algorithms, Divisor Algorithms, Floating Point Arithmetic Operations, Decimal Arithmetic Operations.

Input – Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input/Output Interface, ALU Asynchronous Data Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupts, Direct Memory Access (DMA), Input/Output Processor (IOP), Serial Communication.

Evaluation of Microprocessor: Overview of Intel 8085 to Intel Pentium Processors, Basic Microprocessors, Architecture and Interface, Internal Architecture, External Architecture, Memory, and Input/Output Interface.

Assembly Language: Assembler, Assembly Level Instructions, Macro, Use of Macros in I/O Instructions, Program Loops, Programming Arithmetic and Logic Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.

The Scope and Method of Economics: The Economic Problem - Scarcity & Choice, The Price Mechanism, Demand & Supply Equilibrium, The Concept of Elasticity and Its Applications. The Production Process: Output Decisions – Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization. Laws of Returns & Returns to Scale: Economies and Diseconomies of Scale.

Market Structure: Equilibrium of a Firm and Price, Output Determination under Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, and Oligopoly.

Macro Economic Concerns: Inflation, Unemployment, Trade-Cycles, Circular Flow up to Four Sector Economy. Government in the Macro Economy: Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Measuring National Income and Output.

The World Economy: WTO, Globalization, MNCs, Outsourcing, Foreign Capital in India, TRIPS, Groups of Twenty (G-20), Issues of Dumping, Export-Import Policy (2004-2009).

Population, Sample, and Data Condensation: Definition and Scope of Statistics, Concept of Population and Sample with Illustration, Raw Data, Attributes and Variables, Classification, Frequency Distribution, Cumulative Frequency Distribution.

Measures of Central Tendency: Concept of Central Tendency, Requirements of a Good Measure of Central Tendency, Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode, Harmonic Mean, Geometric Mean for Grouped and Ungrouped Data.

Measures of Dispersion: Concept of Dispersion, Absolute and Relative Measures of Dispersion, Range, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation.

Permutations and Combinations: Permutations of ‘n’ Dissimilar Objects Taken ‘r’ at a Time (with or without repetitions), \( nPr = \frac{n!}{(n-r)!} \) (without proof). Combinations of ‘r’ Objects Taken from ‘n’ Objects, \( nCr = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!} \) (without proof). Simple Examples and Applications.

Sample Space, Events, and Probability: Experiments and Random Experiments, Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Experiments, Definition of Sample Space, Discrete Sample Space, Events, Types of Events, Union and Intersections of Events, Mutually Exclusive Events, Complementary Event, Exhaustive Event. Classical Definition of Probability, Addition Theorem of Probability (without proof, up to three events), Conditional Probability, Independence of Two Events, Simple Numerical Problems.

Statistical Quality Control: Introduction, Control Limits, Specification Limits, Tolerance Limits, Process and Product Control. Control Charts for \( X \) and \( R \), Control Charts for Number of Defective (n-p Chart), Control Charts for Number of Defects (c-Chart).